Move operation: Operation that is being used to move (steal) the value from source object to destination object and leaving source object in valid state and unspecified state.
Move Semantics: These are two operations (Move constructor and Move assignment) that are used to move the value of object instead of copy. These will be provided by compiler by default like copy constructor, assign operator, default constructor and destructor, if we don’t define by our-self.
Move Constructor: It is constructor that mean we are creating new object and getting(stealing) value from object and leaving that object in valid state and unspecified state. It will be provided by compiler by default, we can define it like below and it will NOT be overwritten by compiler.
mystring:: mystring(mystring&& tmp)
{
std::cout<<"move constructor"<<std::endl;
mpStr = tmp.mpStr;
tmp.mpStr = nullptr;
}
Example:
std::string s11{"digestcpp.com"};
// If we creates new object then we need constructor.
// If we want to move the object instead of copy then
// We need Move constructor
std::string s22{std::move(s11)};
std::cout<<"s22:"<<s22<<std::endl;
std::cout<<"s11:"<<s11<<std::endl;
Output:
s22:digestcpp.com //got the new value that stolen from s11 object
s11: //s11 has nullptr and its in valid and specified state
Move Assignment Operator: It is operator to assign the new value to existing object and getting (stealing) new value from object and leaving that object in valid state and unspecified state. It will be provided by compiler by default, we can define it like below and it will NOT be overwritten by compiler.
mystring& mystring::operator=(mystring&& tmp)
{
std::cout<<"move assignment operator"<<std::endl;
if(this != &tmp)
{
if(mpStr)
delete[] mpStr;
mpStr = tmp.mpStr;
tmp.mpStr = nullptr;
}
return *this;
}
Example:
std::string s11{"digestcpp.com"};
std::string s22;
// If we assign the value that mean object already exist.
// If we want to move the object instead of copy then
// We need move assign operator
s22 = {std::move(s11)};
std::cout<<"s22:"<<s22<<std::endl;
std::cout<<"s11:"<<s11<<std::endl;
Output:
s22:digestcpp.com //got the new value that stolen from s11 object
s11: //s11 has nullptr and its in valid and specified state
Source code with example using default move semantics:
/*
Program:Move Semantics
Author: Alpha Master
Date: 4 March 2021
*/
//Header File
#include<iostream>
int main()
{
//string with default function that are provided by compiler
std::cout<<"Move Semantics means operation that steal value or resource from other object"<<std::endl;
std::string s1{"digestcpp.com"};//param constructor
std::cout<<"s1 with param constructor, s1:"<<s1<<std::endl;
std::string s2{s1}; //copy constructor
std::cout<<"s2 with copy constructor, s2:"<<s2<<std::endl;
std::string s3; //default constructor
s3 = s1; //assignment operator
std::cout<<"s3 with assignment operator, s3"<<s3<<std::endl;
std::string s4{std::move(s3)}; //move constructor
std::cout<<"s4 with move constructor, stole from s3, s4:"<<s4<<std::endl;
std::cout<<"Check s3 that we moved, s3:"<<s3<<"Its empty"<<std::endl;
std::string s5; //default constructor
s5=std::move(s4); //move assignment operator
std::cout<<"s5 with move assignment, stole from s4, s5:"<<s5<<std::endl;
std::cout<<"Check s4 that we moved, s4:"<<s4<<"Its empty"<<std::endl;
return 0;
}
Output:
Move Semantics means operation that steal value or resource from other object s1 with param constructor, s1:digestcpp.com s2 with copy constructor, s2:digestcpp.com s3 with assignment operator, s3digestcpp.com s4 with move constructor, stole from s3, s4:digestcpp.com Check s3 that we moved, s3:Its empty s5 with move assignment, stole from s4, s5:digestcpp.com Check s4 that we moved, s4:Its empty
Source code with example using user defined move semantics:
/*
Program:Move Semantics
Author: Alpha Master
Date: 4 March 2021
*/
//Header File
#include<iostream>
#include<string.h>
//My String with all default functionlities
class mystring
{
char* mpStr;
public:
mystring(char* tmp = nullptr); //default & parameterized constructor
~mystring(); //destructor
mystring(const mystring&); //copy constructor
mystring& operator=(const mystring&); //assignment operator
mystring(mystring&&); //move contructor
mystring& operator=(mystring&&); //move assigment operator
//Function to print
friend std::ostream &operator<<(std::ostream &output, const mystring& tmp )
{
if(tmp.mpStr != nullptr)
{
output <<"mystring :" << tmp.mpStr << std::endl;
}
else
{
output <<"mystring : Its empty" << std::endl;
}
return output;
}
};
mystring::mystring(char* tmp)
{
std::cout<<"default & parameterized constructor"<<std::endl;
if(tmp != nullptr)
{
mpStr = new char[strlen(tmp) + 1];
strcpy(mpStr, tmp);
}
}
mystring::~mystring()
{
//std::cout<<"destructor"<<std::endl;
if(mpStr)
{
delete[] mpStr;
}
}
mystring::mystring(const mystring& tmp)
{
std::cout<<"copy constructor"<<std::endl;
mpStr = new char [strlen(tmp.mpStr) + 1];
strcpy(mpStr, tmp.mpStr);
}
mystring& mystring::operator=(const mystring& tmp)
{
std::cout<<"assignment operator"<<std::endl;
if(this != &tmp)
{
if(mpStr)
delete[] mpStr;
mpStr = new char [strlen(tmp.mpStr) + 1];
strcpy(mpStr, tmp.mpStr);
}
return *this;
}
mystring:: mystring(mystring&& tmp)
{
std::cout<<"move constructor"<<std::endl;
mpStr = tmp.mpStr;
tmp.mpStr = nullptr;
}
mystring& mystring::operator=(mystring&& tmp)
{
std::cout<<"move assignment operator"<<std::endl;
if(this != &tmp)
{
if(mpStr)
delete[] mpStr;
mpStr = tmp.mpStr;
tmp.mpStr = nullptr;
}
return *this;
}
int main()
{
std::cout<<"Move Semantics"<<std::endl;
mystring s11("digestcpp.com");//param constructor
std::cout<<s11;
mystring s12(s11); //copy constructor
std::cout<<s12;
mystring s13; //default constructor
s13 = s11; //assignment operator
std::cout<<s13;
mystring s14(std::move(s13)); //move constructor
std::cout<<s14;
std::cout<<"We have moved s13 by move contructor so expecting empty"<<std::endl;
std::cout<<s13;
mystring s15; //default constructor
s15 = std::move(s14); //move assignment operator
std::cout<<s15;
std::cout<<"We have moved s14 by move assignment so expecting empty"<<std::endl;
std::cout<<s14;
std::cout<<std::endl;
return 0;
}
Output:
Move Semantics default & parameterized constructor mystring :digestcpp.com copy constructor mystring :digestcpp.com default & parameterized constructor assignment operator mystring :digestcpp.com move constructor mystring :digestcpp.com We have moved s13 by move contructor so expecting empty mystring : Its empty default & parameterized constructor move assignment operator mystring :digestcpp.com We have moved s14 by move assignment so expecting empty mystring : Its empty