lambdas c++11

Before start the lambdas, please check the function object

lambdas is new feature in c++11 and its is also called as “lambda expressions” or lambda function or lambda. It is unnamed function object, in other word it is shortcut of “making object of unnamed class with operator() and invoking operator()”, it can be defined inside statement and expression. It will be executed as instruction.

It consists of following parts:

• capture list [] : it is used to access the local variable(outside non static object) via either value or reference.
• optional parameter list () : It is used to get the arguments from calling object.
• optional mutable : It is used to modify the read only object, changes will be visible only in lambda.
• optional noexcept : It is used to specify that lambda will not emit exception.
• optional return type  -> type : It is used to specify the return type of lambda.
• body {} : It is used to specify the code to be executed.

Example:

int x=1;
std::cout<<"X:"<<x<<std::endl;
auto res5 = [=](std::string str) mutable noexcept ->int {++x; 
std::cout<<"Lambda parameter:"<<str<<",X:"<<x<<std::endl; return 5;};
int res6 = res5("test"); //calling lambda
std::cout<<"Res:"<<res6<<" ,X:"<<x<<std::endl;
Output:
X:1
Lambda parameter:test,X:2
Res:5 ,X:1

When will we use it (What is the Objective/purpose of lambda):

• When we want to pass the function logic as argument to algorithm.
• Use as Callback

Advantage:

• No need to think about function Name, just use it.
• lambda will be executed as instruction.
• Small and easy to Use.

Source code with example:

#include<iostream>

int main()
{
    std::cout<<"In Main"<<std::endl;

    //Empty lambda introducer
    //calling directly
    []{std::cout<<"In Lambda first"<<std::endl;}();

    //Empty Lambda introducer
    auto res = []{std::cout<<"In Lambda Second"<<std::endl;};
    //Object is calling
    res();

    //Lambda introducer having capture with ref, we have read 
    //and write access to outside non static object
    int x=0;
    auto res1 = [&x]{std::cout<<"In Lambda Third"<<std::endl;++x;};
    //Object is calling
    res1();
    std::cout<<"x:"<<x<<std::endl;

    //Lambda introducer having capture with value, we have read 
    //only access to outside non static object
    auto res2 = [x]{std::cout<<"In Lambda Four and x:"<<x<<std::endl;};
    //Object is calling
    res2();
    std::cout<<"x:"<<x<<std::endl;

    //Lambda introducer having capture with value, we have read 
    //only access to outside non static object BUT we can make it
    //Writable with mutable, this change is visible inside lambda
    auto res3 = [x]()mutable{++x;std::cout<<"In Lambda Five and x:"<<x<<std::endl;};
    //Object is calling
    res3();
    std::cout<<"x:"<<x<<std::endl;

    //Empty Lambda introduce with return type(perenthesis is required)
    auto res4 = []()->int{std::cout<<"In Lambda Six"<<std::endl; return 10;};
    //Object is calling
    int output = res4();
    std::cout<<"Output:"<<output<<std::endl;

    //Empty Lambda introducer
    auto res5 = [](std::string str){std::cout<<"In Lambda Seven, parameter:"<<str<<std::endl;};
    //Object is calling
    res5("test");


    return 0;
}

Output:

In Main
In Lambda first
In Lambda Second
In Lambda Third
x:1
In Lambda Four and x:1
x:1
In Lambda Five and x:2
x:1
In Lambda Six
Output:10
In Lambda Seven, parameter:test